Macan
Dahan Kalimantan atau Macan Tutul Kalimantan "Borneo Clouded
Leopard", merupakan predator terbesar di pulau Kalimantan. Selama ini para
peneliti beranggapan bahwa Macan Dahan Borneo merupakan subspecies Macan Tutul
Asia Tenggara (Neofelis nebulosa).
Baru
pada tahun 2014 ini para peneliti menyadari bahwa Macan Dahan Kalimantan yang
juga ditemukan di pulau Sumatra merupakan suatu species yang berbeda. Macan
Dahan Kalimantan memiliki belang yang sangat berbeda dengan Macan Tutul Asia
Tenggara. Sehingga para ilmuwan telah menemukan bahwa macan tutul yang
ditemukan di pulau Kalimantan dan Sumatera adalah spesies kucing yang baru.
Para
peneliti di US National Cancer Institute mengatakan perbedaan antara Macan
Dahan Kalimantan dan Macan Tutul Asia Tenggara kemungkinan menyimpang dari
populasi daratan sekitar 1,4 juta tahun yang lalu.
"Hasil
riset genetik jelas menunjukkan bahwa Macan Dahan Borneo harus dianggap sebagai
spesies terpisah" kata Dr Stephen O'Brien, Kepala Laboratorium
Keanekaragaman Genom, US National Cancer Institute. "Tes DNA menemukan
sekitar 40 perbedaan antara kedua spesies".
Hasil
studi genetik didukung oleh penelitian terpisah pada variasi geografis macan
tutul, terutama didasarkan pada pola bulu dan pewarnaan kulit yang diadakan di
koleksi museum.
Macan
Dahan Kalimantan memiliki tanda kecil awan, banyak tempat yang berbeda dalam
tanda awan, bulu abu-abu dan punggung stripe ganda. Hal ini lebih gelap
daripada spesies daratan. Sedangkan Macan Tutul Asia Tenggara memiliki awan
besar lebih sedikit di kulit mereka dan bintik-bintik di dalam tanda awan.
Mereka lebih ringan dalam warna, dengan kecenderungan cokelat berwarna bulu dan
parsial ganda punggung stripe.
Klasifikasi
Kingdom: Animalia
Filum: Chordata
Kelas: Mammalia
Ordo: Carnivora
Famili: Felidae
Genus: Neofelis
Spesies: Neofelis diardi spp borneensis
Diperkirakan
populasi Macan Dahan Kalimantan di Kalimantan sebanyak 5.000 hingga 11.000
ekor. Sedangkan di pulau Sumatra berada di kisaran 3.000 sampai 7.000 ekor.
Analisis
genetik terbaru menunjukkan bahwa yang ditemukan di Borneo sangat berbeda dan
dianggap sebagai spesies terpisah. Tes DNA ditemukan sekitar 40 perbedaan
nukleotida antara Macan Dahan Kalimantan (Neofelis diardi) dan Macan Tutul Asia
Tenggara (Neofelis nebulosa). Hal ini sebanding dengan perbedaan antara spesies
Panthera besar. Singa dan macan tutul, misalnya, memiliki 56 perbedaan
nukleotida. Hasil gabungan dari analisis DNA titik 1-3 juta tahun perbedaan
dalam pemisahan, sedangkan jarak diterima spesies adalah 1-2 juta tahun.
Macan
Dahan Kalimantan pertama kali dijelaskan secara ilmiah pada tahun 1821 oleh
naturalis Inggris Edward Griffith. Nama ilmiah dari macan tutul dari daratan
adalah Neofelis nebulosa, sedangkan Macan Dahan Kalimantan sekarang disebut
Neofelis diardi borneensis, sedangkan untuk yang di Sumatra disebut sebagai
Neofelis diardi diardi.
Macan Dahan Kalimantan berhabitat pada sebagian besar hutan Kalimantan, dari daerah pesisir ke pegunungan. Biasanya menghindari daerah terbuka dengan sedikit pohon dan sangat sensitif terhadap gangguan manusia.
Di habitatnya Macan Dahan (Macan Tutul Kalimantan) memangsa monyet, kancil, kijang, babi muda, rusa dan kancil, yang mengintai di tanah atau melompat pada dari cabang pohon. Kadang-kadang memangsa burung dan biawak.
Bornean yellow muntjacs are terrestrial ungulates that live
in variety of habitats, including moist forests, low hills, coastal regions,
and areas of dense vegetation. They are not normally found far from water
(Nowak, 1999). They are found from 0 to 1200m (ARCBC, 2006). (ARCBC, 2006;
Nowak, 1999)
Physical Description
Bornean yellow muntjacs are characterized by a
yellowish-orange hue to their fur. They have a darker stripe on the nuchal
region which becomes yellowish-orange on the sides and then whitish on the
belly. The tail has a dark nuchal stripe and the pale ventral color and is 14
to 20 cm in length. The under part of the throat retains the ventral paleness.
The ears are sparsely haired with coloration ranging from deep brown to
yellowish or grayish brown with creamy or whitish markings (Nowak, 1999). Males
have slender, simple horns of 16 to 42 mm in length. Males lack both frontal
tufts of hair and antler burrs (Payne and Francis, 1985). Females have small,
bony knobs and tufts of hair in place of horns. Males also have modified upper
canines that curve strongly outward from the lips, forming small tusks (Norwak,
1999). At birth, fawns possess lines of white spots on the upper parts of their
bodies. These spots remain until they are half their adult size (Payne and
Francis, 1985). (Nowak, 1999; Payne and Francis, 1985; Whitehead, 1993)
Classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae Subfamily: Cervinae
Genus: Muntiacus
Species: Muntiacus atherodes
Reproduction
Little is known about mating in Bornean yellow muntjacs.
Mating systems and behavior may be similar to other, better studied, species of
muntjacs, where males compete for access to females in estrous.
Bornean yellow muntjacs are polyestrous and breed throughout
the year. Their estrus cycle lasts between 14 and 21 days and gestation between
210 and 215 days. Typically a single fawn is born, very rarely twins. The fawn
will stay hidden in thick vegetation until it is able to move about with its
mother (Norwak, 1999). Weaning lasts between 2 months (Walker, 2006) to halfway
into the next pregnancy, which will be conceived just a few days after a fawn
is born (Whitehead, 1993). Sexual maturity will be reached within 6 to 12
months (Huffman, 2006). (Huffman, 2006; Nowak, 1999; Walker, 2006; Whitehead,
1993)
Females lactate and protect their young. Otherwise, little
is known about parental investment in the young. Like other muntjacs, Bornean
yellow muntjacs are somewhat precocial when born and develop rapidly. (Nowak,
1999)
Lifespan/Longevity
There is little available information on the lifespan of
Bornean yellow muntjacs.
Behavior
Little is known about the behavior of Bornean yellow
muntjacs. They are mainly diurnal and lift their feet high when walking (Nowak,
1999). They are often seen in pairs consisting of an adult male and an adult
female, they are occasionally observed alone (Payne and Francis, 1985). (Nowak,
1999; Payne and Francis, 1985)
Communication and Perception
Muntjacs, in general, are known as ‘barking deer’ due to the
short, sharp, loud, and deep bark-like call they produce. When alarmed, the
barking of Bornean yellow muntjacs can last for more than an hour. The
frequency of barking increases in circumstances of reduced visibility (Nowak,
1999). A short, high-pitched mewing sound is emitted by females with young
(Payne and Francis, 1985). Muntjacs also use the secretions from their
pre-orbital glands to communicate reproductive state, territorial boundaries,
and to cement social bonds. (Nowak, 1999; Payne and Francis, 1985)
Food Habits
Bornean yellow muntjacs feed on an assortment of vegetation:
leaves, fruits, shoots, grasses, herbs, and seeds. They are mainly diurnal,
feeding throughout the day. (Payne and Francis, 1985; Walker, 2006; Payne and
Francis, 1985; Walker, 2006; Payne and Francis, 1985; Walker, 2006)
Predation
Known predators of Bornean yellow muntjacs include clouded leopards
(Neofelis nebulosa) and humans. (Payne and Francis, 1985)
Ecosystem Roles
There is little available information on the ecosystem role
of Bornean yellow muntjacs. They may help to disperse the seeds of fruit trees
by eating them and they act as prey to large, forest predators.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Bornean yellow muntjacs are hunted for their skins and meat.
(Nowak, 1999)
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Bornean yellow muntjacs are considered a nuisance because
they destroy trees by stripping off bark. (Nowak, 1999)
Conservation Status
Bornean yellow muntjacs are listed as primarily lower risk
on the IUCN's 2006 Red List of Threatened Animals. Additionally, they fall into
the sub-category of least concern (IUCN, 2006). However, hunting pressure on
this species is high. They are attracted to grazing areas near roads and in
forest cuts, making them more susceptible to hunting (Meijaard et al., 2006).
(IUCN, 2006; Meijaard, et al., 2006)
Hornbill is composed of 57 bird species spread across Asia and Africa. 14 of which are in Indonesia. Among hornbill, hornbills types of ivory is the biggest size, good head, beak and horn that covers the forehead. Hornbill ivory is one of 14 species of hornbills in Indonesia and became the mascot of West Kalimantan province. Because their numbers are fewer and fewer of these birds included in this type of fauna are protected by law.
The protected animals at a young age has a beak and a white crown. Along his age, beak and crown will change color to orange and red, is a result of frequent swiping hornbill beak into the red orange color-producing glands located under the tail. This bird like fig leaves as his favorite food, but not infrequently also eat insects, mice, lizards and even small birds.
Hornbills have a habit of living in pairs and how to lay eggs is a special attraction. At the beginning of the nesting period male birds make a hole that is located high in the trees for nesting and spawning a female bird. During incubating eggs, the females hiding cover the hole with leaves and mud with holes as windows. Then the male birds bird feeding females through a small hole during the incubation period, and continued until their children grow into young birds. That's why this hornbills serve as an example of life for people dayak for society to always love and loving spouse and caring for their child to become an independent Dayak and adults.
Classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Ordo: Coraciiformes
Family: Bucerotidae
Genus: Buceros
Species: Buceros vigil
Usual hornbills perched in a tall tree, before flying Hornbills provide not sign with a loud sound. When it airs hornbills flapping sound dramatic. These birds live in groups of about 2 to 10 fish per tree. Sometimes birds fly together in an amount between 20-30 tail. Hornbills sound is very distinctive and very loud as if calling sekawannya behind a shady tree. Season the eggs from April to July and chicks greater help birds provide a meal for an adult male and female birds children newly hatched.
In the culture of Dayak Kalimantan, hornbills always belonged. Myths and stories behind hornbills vary in each area one such myth says hornbill is an incarnation of Commander Bird. Commander Birds is a person who lived in the mountains inland Kalimantan and intangible unseen and will only be present during the war. Generally, these birds are considered sacred and are not allowed to be hunted let alone eaten. If there are hornbills were found dead, his body was not dumped. The head is used for the headdress. Order the head of a hard bony hornbills will remain durable shape. Headdress even this should only be used by respectable people.
But now this is a rare bird hornbills were already very difficult encounter in the jungle of Borneo, is due to the destruction of Borneo which constantly occur, such as deforestation and illegal logging both to clear land for palm oil plantations. The fate of hornbills is now the same as the fate of the Dayaks in Borneo are increasingly marginalized in their own land. This is also compounded by rampant poaching conducted surrounding communities. Price appreciated by one head hornbill IDR 2.5 million. Due to its price many inland race of the bird hunting in the forest.
The
proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) or long-nosed monkey, known as the bekantan
in Indonesia, is a reddish-brown arboreal Old World monkey that is endemic to
the southeast Asian island of Borneo.
This
species co-exists with the Bornean orangutan. It belongs in the monotypic genus Nasalis,
although the pig-tailed langur has traditionally also been included in this
genus.
The
monkey also goes by the Malay name monyet belanda "Dutch monkey", or
even orang belanda "Dutchman", as Indonesians remarked that the Dutch
colonisers often had similarly large bellies and noses.
This
species of monkey is easily identifiable because of its unusually large nose.
Taxonomy
Proboscis
monkeys belong to the Colobinae subfamily of the Old World monkeys. The two
subspecies are:
N.
l. larvatus (Wurmb, 1787), which occupies the whole range of the species
N.
l. orientalis (Chasen, 1940), restricted to north-east Kalimantan
However,
the difference between the subspecies is small, and not all authorities
recognise N. l. orientalis. Classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Ordo: Primata
Family: Cercopithecidae
Subfamily: Colobinae
Genus: Nasalis
Species: Nasalis larvatus
Physical description
The
proboscis monkey is a large species, being one of the largest monkey species
native to Asia. Only the Tibetan macaque and a few of the gray langurs can
rival its size. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced in the species. Males have a
head-body length of 66 to 76.2 cm (26.0 to 30.0 in) and typically weigh 16 to
22.5 kg (35 to 50 lb), with a maximum known weight of 30 kg (66 lb). Females
measure 53.3 to 62 cm (21.0 to 24.4 in) in head-and-body length and weigh 7 to
12 kg (15 to 26 lb), with a maximum known mass of 15 kg (33 lb). Further adding
to the dimorphism is the large nose or proboscis of the male, which can exceed
10.2 cm (4 in) in length, and hangs lower than the mouth. Nevertheless, the
nose of the female is still fairly large for a primate. The proboscis monkey
has a long coat; the fur on the back is bright orange, reddish brown, yellowish
brown or brick-red. The underfur is light-grey, yellowish, or greyish to
light-orange. The face is orange-pink. The male has a red penis with a black
scrotum. Both sexes have bulging stomachs that give the monkeys what resembles
a pot belly. Many of the monkeys' toes are webbed.
Social behavior
jumping
(composite image), Labuk Bay, Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia
Proboscis
monkeys generally live in groups composed of one adult male, some adult females
and their offspring. All-male groups may also exist. Some individuals are solitary,
mostly males. Monkey groups live in overlapping home ranges, with little
territoriality, in a fission-fusion society, with groups gathering at sleeping
sites as night falls. There exist bands which arise when groups come together
and slip apart. Groups gather during the day and travel together, but
individuals only groom and play with those in their own group. One-male groups
consist of 9–19 individuals, while bands can consist of as many as 60
individuals. One-male groups typically consist of three to 12 individuals, but
can contain more. Serious aggression is uncommon among monkeys but minor aggression
does commonly occur. Overall, members of the same bands are fairly tolerant of
each other. A linear dominance hierarchy exists between females. Males of
one-male groups can stay in their groups for six to eight years. Replacements
in the resident males appear to occur without serious aggression. Upon reaching
adulthood, males leave their natal groups and join all-male groups. Females
also sometimes leave their natal groups, perhaps to avoid infanticide or
inbreeding, reduce competition for food, or elevation of their social status.
Reproduction
Females
become sexually mature at five years old. They experience sexual swelling,
which involves the genitals becoming pink or reddened. At one site, matings
largely take place between February and November, while births occur between
March and May. Copulations tend to last for half a minute. The male will grab
the female by the ankles or torso and mount her from behind. Both sexes will
encourage mating, but they are not always successful. When soliciting, both
sexes will make pouted faces. In addition, males will sometimes vocalize and
females will present their backsides. Mating pairs are sometimes harassed by
subadults. Proboscis monkeys may also engage in mounting with no reproductive
purpose, such as playful and same-sex mounting. Gestation usually last 166–200
days or slightly more. Females tend to give birth at night or in the early
morning. The mothers then eat the placenta and lick their infants clean. The
young begin to eat solid foods at six weeks and are weaned at seven months old.
The nose of a young male grows slowly until reaching adulthood. The mother will
allow other members of her group to hold her infant. When a resident male in a
one-male group is replaced, the infants are at risk of infanticide.
Communication
Proboscis
monkeys are known to make various vocalizations. When communicating the status
of group, males will emit honks. They have a special honk emitted towards
infants, which is also used for reassurance. Males will also produce alarm
calls to signal danger. Both sexes give threat calls, but each are different.
In addition, females and immature individuals will emit so-called "female
calls" when angry. Honks, roars and snarls are made during low-intensity
agonistic encounters. Nonvocal displays include leaping-branch shaking,
bare-teeth open mouth threats and erection[disambiguation needed] in males, made
in the same situations.
Ecology
Range and habitat
juvenile,
Labuk Bay, Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia
The
proboscis monkey is endemic to the island of Borneo and can be found on all
three nations that divide the island: Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It is
most common in coastal areas and along rivers. This species is restricted to
lowland habitats that may experience tides. It favors dipterocarp, mangrove and
riverine forests. It can also be found in swamp forests, stunted swamp forests,
rubber forests, rubber plantations, limestone hill forests, nypa swamps, nibong
swamps, and tall swamp forests, tropical heath forests and steep cliffs. This
species usually stays within at least a kilometer from a water source. It is
perhaps the most aquatic of the primates and is a fairly good swimmer, capable
of swimming up to 20 m (65.6 ft) underwater. It is known to swim across rivers.
Aside from this, the proboscis monkey is largely arboreal and moves quadrupedally
and by leaps. It is known to jump off branches and descend into water.
Feeding and activities
As
a seasonal folivore and frugivore, the proboscis monkey eats primarily fruit
and leaves. It also eats flowers, seeds and insects to a lesser extent. At
least 55 different plant species are consumed, "with a marked preference
for Eugenia sp., Ganua motleyana and Lophopetalum javanicum". Young leaves
are preferred over mature leaves and unripe fruits are preferred over ripe
fruit. Being a seasonal eater, the proboscis monkey eats mostly fruit from
January to May and mostly leaves from June to December. Groups usually sleep in
adjacent trees. Monkeys tend to sleep near rivers, if they are nearby.
Proboscis monkeys will start the day foraging and then rest further inland.
Proboscis monkeys' daily activities consist of resting, traveling, feeding and
keeping vigilant. Occasionally, they chew their cud to allow more efficient
digestion and food intake. As night approaches, the monkeys move back near the
river and forage again. Predators of the proboscis monkey include crocodiles,
clouded leopards, eagles, monitor lizards and pythons. Monkeys will cross
rivers at narrows or cross arboreally if possible. This may serve as predator
avoidance.
Conservation status
The
proboscis monkey is assessed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species and listed in Appendix I of CITES. Its total population has decreased
by more than 50% in the past 36–40 years to 2008 due to ongoing habitat loss
and hunting in some areas. The population is fragmented: the largest remaining
populations are found in Kalimantan; there are far fewer in Sarawak, Brunei and
Sabah. The proboscis monkey is protected by law in all regions of Borneo. In
Malaysia, it is protected by a number of laws including the Wildlife Protection
Act (federal law), the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (Chapter 26) and
Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (Sabah state law).
The
proboscis monkey can be found in 16 protected areas: Danau Sentarum National
Park, Gunung Palung National Park, Kendawangan Nature Reserve, Kutai National
Park, Lesan Protection Forest, Muara Kaman Nature Reserve, Mandor Reserve and
Tanjung Puting National Park in Indonesia; Bako National Park, Gunung Pueh
Forest Reserve, Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Klias National Park, Kulamba
Wildlife Reserve, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sungei Samunsam Wildlife
Sanctuary and Ulu Segama Reserve in Malaysia.
Clouded leopards of Borneo is the largest predator on Borneo island. So far, the researchers assume that Tiger is a subspecies Borneo Clouded Leopard Southeast Asia (Neofelis nebulosa).
New in 2014 is the researchers realized that the Tigers Dahan Kalimantan which is also found on the island of Sumatra is a different species. Clouded leopards of Borneo has a very different stripe Leopard Southeast Asia. So scientists have discovered that the leopard found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra is a new species of cat.
Researchers at the US National Cancer Institute say the differences between the Tigers Clouded Leopard Borneo and Southeast Asia possibility to deviate from the mainland population some 1.4 million years ago.
"Genetic research results clearly indicate that the clouded leopards of Borneo should be considered a separate species" said Dr Stephen O'Brien, Head of the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, US National Cancer Institute. "DNA tests find around 40 differences between the two species."
The results of the genetic study are supported by separate research on geographical variation leopard, based mainly on fur patterns and coloration of skin are held in museum collections.
Clouded leopards of Borneo has a small sign of clouds, a lot of different places in the sign of clouds, gray fur and a double stripe backs. It is darker than the mainland species. While Leopard Southeast Asia has a huge cloud over a little in their skin and freckles in a sign of the cloud. They are lighter in color, with a tendency to brown-colored fur and a partial double stripe backs.
An estimated population of Kalimantan in Borneo Clouded Tigers 5,000 to 11,000. While on the island of Sumatra in the range of 3,000 to 7,000.
Recent genetic analysis showed that the discovered in Borneo is quite different and is considered a separate species. DNA testing was found about 40 nucleotide differences between "Macan Dahan Borneo" (Neofelis diardi) and Leopard Southeast Asia (Neofelis nebulosa). It is comparable to the difference between large Panthera species. Lions and leopards, for example, have 56 nucleotide differences. The combined results of DNA analysis point 1-3 million years difference in separation, while the accepted distance of species is 1-2 million years.
Borneo Clouded leopards were first described scientifically in 1821 by British naturalist Edward Griffith. The scientific name of the leopard from the mainland is Neofelis nebulosa, while the Tigers Dahan Borneo is now called Neofelis diardi borneensis, while for the Sumatra called Neofelis diardi diardi.
Classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Ordo: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Neofelis
Species: Neofelis diardi spp borneensis
Clouded leopards of Borneo habitat in most forests of Borneo, from coastal areas to the mountains. Usually avoid open areas with few trees and are very sensitive to human disturbance.
Tiger habitat Dahan (Leopard Kalimantan) prey on monkeys, deer, antelope, young pigs, deer and deer, that lurk in the ground or jump on a tree branch. Sometimes prey on birds and lizards.
Pulau Kalimantan merupakan pulau yang memiliki kawasan Hutan Hujan Tropis yang sudah berusia 140 juta tahun, salah satu yang tertua di dunia. Terlebih lagi, selama Zaman Es akhir, kalimantan pernah menjadi satu daratan dengan benua Asia dan pulau-pulau lain di Indonesia. Sejumlah spesies berpindah ke sana, sehingga membuat pulau Kalimantan kaya akan organisme hidup. Ketika Zaman Es berakhir, Kalimantan menjadi pulau terpisah, segala makhluk di dalamnya bebas berevolusi dalam kondisi relatif terisolasi. Hal inilah yang membuat saya tertarik untuk mengumpulkan artikel-artikel tentang Satwa Kalimantan. Sehingga, nantinya saya berharap dapat menambah pengetahuan kita akan pentingnya menjaga alam beserta peranan-peranan penting yang telah menjadi sistem kehidupan di dalamnya.
